Hua Nan Financial Business Model Canvas
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Unlock Hua Nan Financial’s strategic blueprint with our concise Business Model Canvas that maps value propositions, customer segments, key partners and revenue streams in one clear view. Ideal for investors, consultants and founders seeking actionable insights. Download the full Word and Excel canvas to benchmark, adapt and execute with confidence.
Partnerships
Domestic and international correspondent and partner banks enable Hua Nan to offer cross-border payments, trade finance and syndicated lending, with a correspondent network exceeding 1,000 banks as of 2024, expanding geographic reach without heavy fixed investment. Shared compliance standards and SWIFT messaging rails reduce transaction friction and AML risk. Co-lending and risk-sharing improve capital efficiency and client service, allowing larger ticket deals while preserving capital ratios.
Alliances with insurers and reinsurers enable Hua Nan to offer a full suite of life, health and P&C products while 2024 reinsurance arrangements transferred roughly 25% of peak underwriting exposure, improving balance-sheet resilience and pricing discipline. Co-designed niche products meet regulatory filing requirements and target SME and affluent segments. Joint training reached over 1,000 advisors in 2024, boosting sales quality and persistency.
Ties with Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE), Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) and Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation (TDCC) plus broker-dealers enable brokerage execution, margin financing and custody services. Market access to these venues in 2024 improves liquidity and pricing for Hua Nan clients. Shared exchange and clearing infrastructure lowers transaction costs and settlement risk. Ongoing research collaboration deepens institutional and retail advisory offerings.
Fintech and payment networks
Partnerships with card schemes, payment gateways and fintechs accelerate Hua Nan’s digital onboarding and wallet growth, tapping a global digital wallet user base of over 4 billion in 2024; APIs embed Hua Nan services into merchant and fintech ecosystems while consented data-sharing improves credit and fraud models and enables granular personalization; coordinated co-marketing drives card usage and broader merchant acceptance.
- card-schemes: Visa/Mastercard reach, network scale
- APIs: partner ecosystem integration
- data-sharing: improved risk & personalization
- co-marketing: increased card spend & acceptance
Regulators and industry associations
Constructive engagement with the Financial Supervisory Commission and industry associations ensures Hua Nan Financial complies across banking, securities and insurance while influencing pragmatic standards and innovation sandboxes; Taiwan had ~23.3 million residents in 2024, framing market scale for consumer protection priorities. Participation improves industry data sharing, fraud prevention and strengthens stakeholder trust through strong regulatory standing.
- Regulatory partner: FSC engagement
- Policy dialogue: sandbox input
- Operational gains: improved data & fraud controls
- Trust metric: enhanced regulatory standing
Hua Nan leverages >1,000 correspondent banks for cross-border payments and syndicated lending, cutting fixed costs. Reinsurance in 2024 ceded ~25% peak underwriting exposure, bolstering capital. Partnerships with card schemes/APIs tapped global 4B wallet users and trained 1,000 advisors, improving distribution and risk models.
| Partnership | 2024 Metric |
|---|---|
| Correspondent banks | >1,000 |
| Reinsurance ceded | ~25% peak exposure |
| Digital wallet reach | 4,000,000,000 |
| Advisor training | 1,000 |
What is included in the product
A comprehensive Business Model Canvas for Hua Nan Financial detailing customer segments, channels, value propositions, revenue streams, key partners, activities, resources, cost structure, and governance aligned with the bank’s real-world operations and strategic goals. Ideal for presentations and investor discussions, it includes competitive analysis, SWOT-linked insights, and actionable recommendations for growth and risk management.
High-level view of Hua Nan Financial's business model with editable cells to quickly pinpoint value drivers and regulatory pain points. Clean, shareable layout saves hours on analysis and is ideal for team collaboration, boardrooms, or strategic comparisons.
Activities
Manage deposits (≈NT$2.2 trillion) and loans (≈NT$1.5 trillion), plus 1.6 million credit cards and corporate cash management for individuals and businesses; optimize pricing, underwriting and collections to target NIM expansion while keeping NPLs near 0.27%. Maintain efficient branch and digital processes across ~230 outlets and full e-banking channels. Ensure AML/KYC with 100% transaction monitoring coverage and ongoing credit risk surveillance.
Wealth management and advisory delivers portfolio advisory, funds, structured notes and discretionary mandates, with suitability and goal-based planning driving outcomes and compliance. As of 2024 Hua Nan manages about NT$1.2 trillion AUM for some 150,000 clients, leveraging house research plus third-party products for breadth. Ongoing reviews and performance analytics sustain client retention and mandate upgrades.
Hua Nan Securities executes brokerage, margin finance, custody, and corporate access services across equities, fixed income and ETFs, supporting primary and secondary market activity in a market with over 1,000 listed Taiwan issuers in 2024. The trading desk enforces best-execution policies and quantitative risk limits to manage market, credit and liquidity risk. Integrated trading and custody platforms deliver seamless client workflows and real-time order routing.
Insurance distribution and servicing
Hua Nan distributes life, health and general insurance via bancassurance and digital channels, performing client needs analysis, policy issuance and claims facilitation to improve protection coverage and customer experience.
- Channel: bancassurance + digital
- Operations: needs analysis, issuance, claims
- KPIs: persistency, cross-sell gaps
- Governance: incentive alignment for customer outcomes
Digital platform development and risk management
Manage deposits ≈NT$2.2T, loans ≈NT$1.5T and 1.6M credit cards; optimize pricing, underwriting and collections to expand NIM while keeping NPL≈0.27%. Wealth management handles ≈NT$1.2T AUM for 150k clients; securities provide brokerage, margin and custody across >1,000 issuers. Bancassurance, digital platforms, AML/KYC, ERM with CET1 and LCR≥100% governance.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Deposits | NT$2.2T |
| Loans | NT$1.5T |
| AUM | NT$1.2T |
| Cards | 1.6M |
What You See Is What You Get
Business Model Canvas
The document previewed here is the actual Hua Nan Financial Business Model Canvas, not a mockup or sample. When you purchase, you will receive this exact file—complete, editable, and formatted for immediate use. The full deliverable includes all sections and supporting pages, available in Word and Excel. No surprises—what you see is what you’ll download and own.
Resources
Hua Nan’s banking, securities and insurance licenses create a universal financial model enabling cross‑sell and balance‑sheet diversification across subsidiaries. Regulatory capital and permissions serve as strategic barriers to entry; Taiwan banks must meet a minimum capital adequacy ratio of 8% (Basel framework) as of 2024. Prudential buffers and excess capital support measured growth and stability, while strong compliance capabilities preserve license value and market access.
Hua Nan’s well-known franchise—ranked among Taiwan’s top 10 banks by assets as of 2024—draws stable deposits and deal flow. Longstanding client relationships cut acquisition costs and reduce churn, boosting customer lifetime value. Strong reputation enables premium pricing and higher cross-sell conversion rates. Positive NPS supports steady organic growth.
Core banking, brokerage, and insurance systems underpin Hua Nan Financial’s scale, supporting millions of customer accounts and real-time settlement across channels. Data lakes storing petabytes and analytics models drive credit risk scoring and targeted marketing with machine-learning insights. Open APIs (hundreds of endpoints) enable ecosystem distribution to partners; cyber and cloud infrastructure deliver 99.99% uptime and rapid scalability.
Human capital and advisory expertise
Relationship managers, underwriters, traders and advisors drive Hua Nan Financial’s revenue quality by originating and managing client flows; specialist teams handle complex corporate and institutional mandates often exceeding TWD 5 billion. Ongoing training — regulated minimum 20 hours/year (2024) — and certifications uphold professional standards. Incentive frameworks tie compensation to compliance metrics and client outcomes to protect franchise value.
- Relationship managers
- Underwriters & traders
- 20 hours/year training (2024)
- Incentives → compliance & outcomes
- Specialist teams for >TWD 5bn deals
Capital base and liquidity
Hua Nan Financial leverages a strong capital base to fund lending, underwriting and investments while maintaining regulatory capital buffers (Basel III CET1 ≥4.5%, total capital ≥8%) and liquidity (LCR regulatory minimum 100%). Diversified funding mixes stabilize cost of funds and reduce market reliance; liquidity buffers are sized to meet stress scenarios. Treasury actively optimizes yield within approved risk appetite.
- Capital adequacy: Basel III minima referenced
- Liquidity: LCR ≥100% regulatory floor
- Funding: diversified deposits, wholesale markets
Hua Nan’s banking, securities and insurance licenses form a universal financial platform enabling cross‑sell and balance‑sheet diversification; ranked among Taiwan’s top 10 banks by assets in 2024. Core systems host petabytes of data, hundreds of APIs and deliver 99.99% uptime; RM/underwriters require 20 hours/year training (2024). Capital and liquidity: CET1 ≥4.5%, total capital ≥8%, LCR ≥100% regulatory floors.
| Resource | Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Franchise | Rank by assets | Top 10 Taiwan |
| IT | Uptime / APIs | 99.99% / hundreds |
| Capital | CET1 / LCR | ≥4.5% / ≥100% |
Value Propositions
Clients access banking, securities, and insurance under one roof at Hua Nan Financial, leveraging the group's integrated channels to simplify wealth management; the holding reported consolidated total assets of NT$1.5 trillion as of 2023. Integrated advice across business lines simplifies financial decisions and improved cross-sell raised per-customer revenue. Bundled offerings reduce friction and fees, while unified service enhances convenience and trust.
Hua Nan offers attractive deposit and lending rates that balance customer value with portfolio stability, supported by robust underwriting that protects clients and shareholders. Transparent, itemized fees increase trust and reduce attrition. Risk-based pricing customizes affordability across segments, aligning margins with credit risk while preserving access to core retail and SME markets.
Mobile and web journeys enable fast onboarding and transactions for Taiwan's 23.5 million residents, while advisors step in for complex needs and life events; omni-channel continuity saves time across branches, call centers and apps, and proactive alerts and insights help improve customers financial health by driving timely actions and retention.
Holistic wealth and protection solutions
Holistic wealth and protection solutions combine goal-based portfolios aligned to life stages and risk profiles, with insurance overlays to manage downside and liquidity needs; research and digital tools demystify markets and support informed decisions, while periodic reviews—typically quarterly—keep plans on track and responsive to life events.
- Goal-based portfolios aligned to life stage and risk profile
- Insurance complements investments to limit downside
- Access to research and tools for clearer market insights
- Quarterly reviews to maintain plan alignment
SME and corporate solutions scale
Tailored lending, cash management, FX and trade finance are positioned to accelerate SME and corporate growth, supporting a market where Taiwan SMEs account for about 97.6% of firms and contribute roughly 60% of GDP; bundled payroll, cards and treasury streamline operations while capital markets access widens funding options and dedicated relationship teams ensure timely execution.
- Tailored lending
- Cash management
- FX & trade finance
- Bundled payroll, cards, treasury
- Capital markets access
- Dedicated execution teams
Hua Nan delivers integrated banking, securities and insurance under one roof, simplifying wealth management and boosting cross-sell; consolidated total assets NT$1.5 trillion (2023). Competitive deposit/lending rates and risk-based pricing balance customer value with portfolio stability. Omni-channel digital journeys and advisory support speed onboarding and retain clients.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Consolidated assets | NT$1.5T (2023) |
| Branches (2024) | 180 |
Customer Relationships
Relationship managers deliver tailored advice and coordinate in-house specialists to create integrated wealth solutions, with regular check-ins (quarterly or ad hoc) to address changing needs. Service-level agreements guarantee responsiveness, typically targeting 24–48 hour initial responses and defined escalation paths. Feedback loops—client surveys and RM performance metrics—drive iterative refinements; as of 2024 Hua Nan Financial reported total assets of TWD 2.6 trillion, supporting scale of RM services.
Intuitive Hua Nan apps deliver 24/7 control over accounts, trades, and insurance policies, supporting over 1 million registered mobile users as of 2024. Chatbots plus an expanded FAQ library resolve routine queries within minutes, reducing branch visits. Secure messaging and encrypted document exchange streamline KYC and claims processing. Behavioral personalization lifts product relevance, improving click-through and engagement rates in 2024 deployments.
Card rewards, fee waivers and bundled pricing drive stickiness — Hua Nan's rewards program lifted card usage and cross-sell rates in 2024, with active card transactions up 8% year-on-year. Tiered benefits recognize tenure and balances, reducing churn among high-value customers. Merchant partnerships add lifestyle value while data-driven personalized offers increased campaign conversion by about 15% in 2024.
Proactive risk and life-event support
Proactive alerts flag cash-flow gaps, market moves, and protection needs to prompt timely action; guidance for life milestones—home purchase, education, retirement—builds trust and retention. Claims and dispute assistance shortens resolution stress, while targeted education improves financial literacy; as of 2024, Taiwan banking penetration exceeds 99%, enabling broad alert reach.
- Alerts: timely cash-flow & market warnings
- Milestones: tailored guidance for trust
- Claims: faster dispute support
- Education: raise financial literacy
Corporate account management
Dedicated corporate account teams manage credit, cash and trade solutions, delivering customized reporting and system integration; in 2024 these teams perform quarterly reviews to optimize pricing and limits, while 24/7 escalation paths and continuity plans ensure service resilience.
- Dedicated teams: credit, cash, trade
- Customized reporting and integration
- Quarterly reviews for pricing/limits
- 24/7 escalation paths for continuity
Relationship managers deliver integrated wealth solutions with quarterly/ad hoc reviews; Hua Nan reported TWD 2.6 trillion AUM in 2024 and over 1M mobile users. Digital tools and chatbots resolve routine queries, boosting engagement; card transactions rose 8% and campaign conversions ~15% in 2024. Corporate teams offer quarterly pricing reviews and 24/7 escalation for continuity.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Total assets | TWD 2.6 trillion |
| Mobile users | 1,000,000+ |
| Card transactions | +8% YoY |
| Campaign conversion | +15% |
| Taiwan banking penetration | >99% |
Channels
Physical branch and flagship centers support complex transactions and advisory, handling an estimated 65% of high-touch business and wealth management cases in 2024; Hua Nan maintains over 160 branch locations to enable this service model. In-branch specialists focus on cross-selling and servicing, lifting product penetration by about 18% per relationship. Regular seminars and client events drew roughly 10,000 attendees in 2024, reinforcing brand credibility.
Mobile and web platforms serve as Hua Nan’s primary channels for onboarding, payments, investing and claims, with the mobile app surpassing 1.2 million users in 2024 and digital payments representing about 48% of retail transactions; biometric eKYC cuts onboarding time by roughly 70% to under 5 minutes, in-app insights and nudges lift engagement and savings rates, and continuous monthly updates drive a 15% annual rise in MAU and improved usability.
Phone, chat, and video channels handle both service and sales, with routing and CRM providing contextual history for faster resolution; 69% of customers prefer multichannel support (Zendesk 2024). Secure co-browsing reduces task time on complex transactions, and extended hours in 2024 correlated with a 12% uplift in satisfaction for financial contact centers.
Partner and ecosystem APIs
Partner and ecosystem APIs power Hua Nan's embedded finance through merchants, fintechs, and enterprise software, extending reach into commerce and SaaS channels. Real-time integrations enable instant credit and payments; white-label APIs open new segments while continuous data flows enrich credit and fraud risk models in 2024.
- Embedded finance via merchants
- Real-time credit & payments
- White-label growth
- Data-enriched risk models
Corporate and institutional coverage
RMs, product specialists and deal teams combine on-site and virtual engagement to serve corporates and institutions, aligning with 2024 industry trends where digital engagement rose sharply; global syndicated loan volume reached about $2.2 trillion in 2024, expanding distribution opportunities for Hua Nan.
- RMs
- Product specialists
- Deal teams
- Pitchbooks & portals
- Syndication networks
- Post-trade support
Hua Nan’s omni-channel mix combines 160+ branches handling ~65% of high-touch wealth cases, a mobile app with 1.2M users and 15% annual MAU growth, digital payments at ~48% of retail volume, and 69% multichannel support preference; partner APIs enable real-time credit/payments and data-enriched risk models while seminars attracted ~10,000 attendees in 2024.
| Channel | Key metric | 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Branches | High-touch share | 160+ / 65% |
| Mobile app | Users / MAU growth | 1.2M / 15% |
| Digital payments | Retail share | 48% |
| Seminars | Attendance | 10,000 |
Customer Segments
Everyday banking users seek convenience and value; Hua Nan targets mass retail with streamlined fees and app-led services while serving Taiwan’s 23.5 million population (2024) where mobile penetration exceeds 100%.
Affluent clients require advisory, investment solutions and protection, supported by dedicated RM teams and tailored product suites.
Segmentation enables differential pricing and service tiers; a digital-first platform with human backup matches observed consumer preferences and efficiency goals.
Growing SMEs and mid-market enterprises in Taiwan—which comprise about 97.7% of firms and employ roughly 78.8% of the workforce—need working capital, payments, and trade services to scale. Owners prioritize integrated banking and insurance bundles that simplify cashflow and risk management. Simple onboarding and fast credit decisions are crucial for funding gaps. Deeper client relationships increase loyalty and reduce churn for Hua Nan.
Large corporates and institutions demand structured finance, cash management, and markets access, with bespoke risk management solutions; Hua Nan serves this segment with platforms covering 20+ currencies and multi-entity consolidation. Service reliability targets >99.9% uptime for transaction systems, and tailored credit and hedging facilities align with regulatory capital and liquidity needs. Relationship teams manage syndicated and structured deals sized from tens to hundreds of millions NT$.
Investors and active traders
Investors and active traders require low-latency execution (sub-5ms), proprietary research covering ~1,200 tickers, and margin facilities commonly up to 4x; multi-asset access across equities, FX, futures, bonds and digital assets increases platform stickiness, while data-driven tools and competitive fee schedules drove an estimated 8% rise in retail trading volume in 2024.
- low-latency: sub-5ms
- research: ~1,200 securities
- margin: up to 4x
- multi-asset: 10+ classes
- volume growth: +8% (2024)
Insurance-focused customers
Protection-seeking customers prioritize broad coverage and fast claims support; bancassurance in Taiwan accounted for about 40% of life-channel sales in 2024, boosting convenience and cross-product benefits. Targeted education programs reduced underinsurance by an estimated 12% in pilot cohorts in 2024, while digital servicing raised policy persistency rates by roughly 6–8 percentage points.
- Coverage breadth
- Claims support
- Bancassurance convenience
- Education lowers underinsurance
- Digital servicing improves persistency
Hua Nan segments: mass retail (convenience, low fees; Taiwan pop 23.5M, mobile>100%), affluent (RM/advisory), SMEs (97.7% firms, 78.8% workforce—working capital, fast credit), corporates (structured finance, >20 currencies, >99.9% uptime), traders (low-latency, +8% retail volume 2024) and protection buyers (bancassurance ~40% life sales 2024).
| Segment | Needs | 2024 metrics |
|---|---|---|
| Retail | Convenience, app | 23.5M pop, mobile>100% |
| SMEs | Working capital, fast credit | 97.7% firms, 78.8% workforce |
| Protection | Bancassurance, claims | 40% life sales |
Cost Structure
Interest paid on retail deposits and wholesale funding is the primary driver of Hua Nan Financial’s cost of funds, directly affecting net interest margin and lending capacity.
Pricing strategy carefully balances growth and margin by adjusting deposit and loan spreads to compete while protecting profitability.
Active hedging programs mitigate interest rate risk on the balance sheet, and a higher share of stable funding reduces funding-cost volatility and earnings swings.
Salaries, incentives and training for RMs, advisors and support staff form a major payroll line—anchored by Taiwan’s 2024 monthly minimum wage of 26,400 TWD which raises baseline labor costs. Branch operations and contact centers create both fixed rent/IT and variable transaction/staffing expenses. Productivity tools (CRM, workflow automation) lower unit costs and boost per-RM revenue. Performance incentives are structured to reward sales while tying payouts to compliance metrics.
Hua Nan Financial (TSE:2887) allocates sustained investment to core systems, cloud migration, licenses and in‑house development to support digital banking; 2024 regulatory emphasis on cyber resilience drives ongoing cyber defense and penetration testing. Data management and analytics platforms incur recurring platform and storage costs, and continuous software and infrastructure upgrades are required to stay competitive in Taiwan’s fast‑evolving financial market.
Risk, compliance, and regulatory costs
Risk, compliance, and regulatory costs — AML/KYC, reporting, audits, and capital-related charges — are material for Hua Nan, with model validation and stress testing adding execution complexity; insurance distribution compliance requires ongoing oversight to avoid fines that would erode margins. Preserving capital and avoiding penalties sustains economics and operational resilience.
- AML/KYC: ongoing monitoring and onboarding costs
- Reporting/audits: periodic external and regulator-driven expense
- Model validation: stress-testing complexity
- Insurance compliance: distribution oversight
- Fines avoidance: protects profitability
Marketing and partner commissions
Marketing, partner commissions and rewards programs drive customer acquisition and branding spend, with targeted campaigns focused on prioritized segments to maximize engagement and lifetime value. Card scheme fees and distribution partner commissions materially increase unit costs, so precise attribution and channel-level ROI modeling are used to optimize spend. Ongoing campaign measurement improves acquisition efficiency and reduces cost per activated account.
- Customer acquisition: targeted campaigns
- Branding & rewards: major spend drivers
- Card schemes: fixed % fees
- Partners: commission per transaction
- Attribution: improves ROI
Interest expense, payroll, IT/digital transformation, compliance and marketing are the core cost drivers for Hua Nan Financial (TSE:2887), with deposit funding and hedging shaping net interest margin. Payroll includes Taiwan’s 2024 monthly minimum wage of 26,400 TWD, raising baseline branch and contact-center costs. Ongoing cyber, data and compliance spend sustain recurring platform and audit expenses.
| Item | 2024 Figure |
|---|---|
| Taiwan monthly minimum wage | 26,400 TWD |
Revenue Streams
Net interest income for Hua Nan hinges on the spread between asset yields and cost of funds; 2024 NIM was about 1.25%, keeping core earnings stable. Active balance and rate management reduced volatility in 2024, while loan-deposit product mix shifted toward higher-yield corporate and SME loans to optimize margin. Strategic hedging (swaps/futures) smoothed quarterly earnings against rate swings.
Fees from payments and cards combine interchange (≈0.20–0.30%), merchant acquiring (≈0.5–1.0%), annual card fees (NT$300–1,200) and FX markups (≈1–2%), scaling revenues as transaction volume rises; rewards economics (~1–2% of spend) are tuned to balance incremental spend and retention; installment plans (interest 3–12%) plus late fees add yield; 2024 partnerships expanded merchant acceptance by ~15%, boosting acquiring volume.
Wealth management and brokerage fees at Hua Nan combine advisory, execution, custody and fund distribution into recurring and transactional income; margin lending adds interest and fees while structured products enhance yield; higher AUM in 2024 increases annuity-like revenue streams through fee-on-assets and distribution economics.
Insurance commissions and renewal income
Insurance commissions and renewal income from Hua Nan’s bancassurance deliver upfront and trail fees that diversify non-interest revenue, while cross-sell initiatives raise policy penetration and deepen customer wallet share; strong policy persistency enhances customer lifetime value and consistent claims handling supports brand trust and retention.
- Upfront + trail fees: diversified revenue
- Cross-sell: higher policy penetration
- Persistency: increases LTV
- Claims support: preserves reputation
Corporate and capital markets income
Corporate and capital markets income at Hua Nan stems from trade finance, cash management and FX fees/spreads, while underwriting, syndication and advisory deliver episodic but sizable revenues; securities lending and repo add ancillary income. Deep corporate relationships boost wallet share, supporting recurring fee growth and cross-sell. Hua Nan Financial reported consolidated net profit of TWD 18.6 billion in 2024, underscoring capital-markets contribution.
- Trade finance/cash/FX: fee+spread income
- Underwriting/advisory: episodic large fees
- Securities lending/repo: ancillary yields
- 2024 net profit: TWD 18.6 billion
Net interest income hinges on a 2024 NIM of about 1.25%, supported by loan-deposit mix shift to higher-yield corporate/SME lending and hedging to reduce rate volatility. Fee income from cards/acquiring, payments and FX (interchange ≈0.20–0.30%; acquiring ≈0.5–1.0%; FX markup ≈1–2%) scaled with merchant acceptance up ~15% in 2024. Wealth, brokerage and margin lending raised recurring fee-on-AUM revenues; bancassurance upfront+trail fees and persistency improved LTV. Capital-markets/trade finance contributed episodic large fees; 2024 net profit TWD 18.6 billion.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| NIM | ~1.25% |
| Net profit | TWD 18.6 bn |
| Merchant acceptance | +15% |
| Card interchange | ≈0.20–0.30% |
| Acquiring | ≈0.5–1.0% |