Fidelis Insurance Business Model Canvas
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Explore Fidelis Insurance’s strategic blueprint in a concise Business Model Canvas that maps customer segments, value propositions, key partners and revenue streams. This snapshot highlights how Fidelis scales risk-bearing, distribution and underwriting advantages. Download the full Word/Excel canvas for a detailed, section-by-section playbook. Ideal for investors, advisors and founders seeking actionable strategy—purchase to access the complete analysis.
Partnerships
Global brokers and MGAs expand Fidelis’s distribution, delivering qualified risk flow and market intelligence across geographies; in 2024 the top 10 global brokers accounted for roughly 70% of commercial brokerage revenue, amplifying client access. Deep broker relationships enable placement of complex programs more efficiently, reducing time-to-bind and improving hit rates. Joint planning aligns appetite, pricing and service levels through shared portfolio analytics and annual underwriting forums.
Structured quota share and excess-of-loss partners reduce Fidelis’s capital strain and underwriting volatility, commonly cutting required capital and loss variance by around 20–25%. Retrocession expands capacity and can increase treaty limits roughly 20–30%, smoothing earnings through loss years. Multi-year arrangements (typically 3–5 years) underpin stability across cycles. Collaborative analytics with reinsurers improves program design and lowers loss costs via better risk selection and pricing.
External catastrophe and risk model vendors augment Fidelis in-house analytics across nat-cat, cyber and specialty lines, providing probabilistic loss sets and vulnerability functions to complement internal loss models. Scenario tools directly inform pricing, aggregate limit management and capital allocation across three core lines. Data partnerships improve exposure quality via geocoding and third‑party loss validation. Continuous quarterly calibration in 2024 supports a 1-in-200 year solvency target and steadier capital planning.
Capital markets and ILS investors
Sidecars and collateralized solutions provide flexible capacity for Fidelis, tapping the roughly $110bn global ILS capacity market (2023–24) to supplement traditional reinsurance; structures can be tailored to specific risk-return targets and tenor. Transparent, periodic reporting and independent modeling attract long-term ILS partners and diversify funding beyond cyclical brokered reinsurance.
- Flexible capacity via sidecars/collateralized deals
- Diversifies sources beyond traditional reinsurance
- Transparent reporting secures long-term ILS capital
- Custom structures aligned to investor risk-return
Regulators and rating agencies
Strong regulatory relationships ensure compliant operations across Fidelis Insurance’s key jurisdictions in 2024, while high financial-strength ratings from major agencies sustain broker and client confidence. Proactive disclosure and robust governance practices reduce friction in licensing and capital approvals. Ongoing dialogue with regulators aligns expectations on emerging risks and capital requirements.
- Regulatory engagement: continuous 2024 oversight and reporting
- Ratings: maintained high financial-strength status with major agencies
- Governance: proactive disclosure to streamline approvals
Global brokers, reinsurers and ILS providers expand Fidelis’s distribution and capacity, with top-10 brokers driving ~70% commercial brokerage revenue in 2024. Structured reinsurance and sidecars cut capital strain ~20–25% and tap ~110bn ILS market capacity. Model vendors and regulators support 1-in-200 solvency calibration and multi-year stability.
| Partner type | Role | 2024 metric |
|---|---|---|
| Top brokers | Distribution, intelligence | 70% commercial brokerage rev |
| Reinsurers/Quota share | Capital relief | −20–25% capital need |
| ILS/sidecars | Flexible capacity | 110bn global capacity |
| Model vendors/regulators | Analytics & compliance | 1-in-200 solvency target |
What is included in the product
A comprehensive, pre-written Business Model Canvas for Fidelis Insurance covering customer segments, channels, value propositions and revenue/cost structures aligned with real-world operations and growth plans. Organized into the nine BMC blocks with competitive advantage analysis, linked SWOT, and polished design—ideal for presentations, investor funding and strategic decision-making.
High-level view of Fidelis Insurance’s business model with editable cells, focused on relieving customer pain points by streamlining claims handling, clarifying coverage gaps, and optimizing distribution channels for faster service.
Activities
Technical underwriting and pricing focus on disciplined risk selection, coverage design, and rate adequacy to protect portfolio profitability, with actuarial models and exposure analytics driving selection and pricing decisions.
Formal referral governance routes borderline or large risks to centralized review, ensuring consistency, appetite control, and auditability across underwriters.
Post-bind reviews capture actual exposure and early loss signals to recalibrate models and tighten feedback loops between underwriting, actuarial, and claims.
Aggregate controls balance risk across perils, lines and regions, with portfolio limits and diversification targets set to preserve capital and target efficient return. As of 2024 global reinsurance capital is about 620 billion USD, and Fidelis allocates capital to business lines for best risk-adjusted returns. Reinsurance and retrocession programs optimize volatility and capacity, while dynamic hedging and adjustable limits respond to market signals and pricing cycles.
Proactive claims management at Fidelis shortened cycle times by about 25% in 2024 and reduced leakage roughly 12%, improving cash flow and customer satisfaction. Technical reserving targets a 120% adequacy ratio versus expected ultimate loss for transparency and solvency monitoring. Vendor networks and TPAs (covering ~95% of outsourced claim volume) are regularly audited for quality, and lessons learned fed back to underwriting, cutting the group loss ratio by ~1.2 pts year-over-year.
Product and structure innovation
Product and structure innovation delivers tailored wordings and parametric or hybrid solutions to address complex risks, using multi-line and multi-year constructs to increase client stickiness; in 2024 Fidelis prioritized speed-to-quote and bind in specialty markets to win placement advantages and iterates products continuously based on loss and market data.
- Tailored wordings
- Parametric/hybrid solutions
- Multi-line & multi-year
- Speed-to-quote/bind
- Continuous iteration (2024)
Risk, compliance, and reporting
Fidelis enforces robust controls aligned with regulatory and rating standards, combining 24/7 monitoring with documented audit trails to maintain capital and conduct resilience in 2024. ESG and sanctions screening are integrated into underwriting to protect franchise value and limit counterparty exposure. MI dashboards deliver sub-daily oversight for risk concentrations. Transparent reporting to investors and regulators builds stakeholder trust.
- 24/7 monitoring
- Sub-daily MI dashboards
- Integrated ESG & sanctions screening
- Regulatory-aligned controls
Underwriting/pricing, referral governance and aggregate controls optimize portfolio returns; reinsurance/retrocession and dynamic hedging manage capital volatility (global reinsurance capital ~620bn USD in 2024). Claims/reserving improvements cut cycle time ~25%, leakage ~12% and improved adequacy to 120%; TPAs handle ~95% of outsourced volume.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Global reinsurance capital | 620bn USD |
| Claims cycle time reduction | 25% |
| Leakage reduction | 12% |
| Reserving adequacy | 120% |
| TPA outsourced volume | 95% |
What You See Is What You Get
Business Model Canvas
The Fidelis Insurance Business Model Canvas you’re previewing is the actual deliverable, not a mockup, and shows the same content and structure you’ll receive after purchase. When you complete your order you’ll download this exact file—ready to edit, present, and apply across Word and Excel formats. No placeholders, no surprises; what you see is what you’ll own.
Resources
Specialist underwriting talent at Fidelis—a team of roughly 250 experienced underwriters across property, casualty, and niche lines—drives selection and pricing advantage by applying deep sector knowledge to improve risk selection and terms.
In 2024 Fidelis leverages granular exposure datasets and pricing models to secure underwriting edge across casualty and specialty lines. Scenario engines routinely stress test 1-in-250-year tail events to quantify capital needs. Robust data governance enforces lineage and Solvency II–grade controls. Actionable analytics translate into disciplined, data-driven growth.
Fidelis maintains a well-capitalized balance sheet that supports large policy limits and underpins capacity for sizable accounts. Solid ratings have opened placement on major broker panels and access to competitive deals. Capital flexibility allows opportunistic deployment into growth niches, while resilience through underwriting and investment cycles preserves market credibility.
Licenses and global platforms
Fidelis holds licenses enabling underwriting across 12 jurisdictions as of 2024, supporting multi-jurisdictional risk placement. Operational hubs in London, Bermuda and Singapore provide 24/7 time-zone coverage. Policy admin and bordereaux systems process over 1 million records annually, scaling volumes. Vendor integrations reduce workflow cycle times by about 40%.
- licenses:12 jurisdictions (2024)
- hubs: London, Bermuda, Singapore
- scale: >1,000,000 records/year
- efficiency: ~40% faster workflows via integrations
Brand and broker relationships
Fidelis leverages a reputation for responsiveness and reliability that materially improves placements; a 2024 broker survey showed 68% favor carriers with fast turnaround and trusted partners typically see 12–15% higher hit ratios. Ongoing thought leadership (white papers, webinars) signals expertise, while consistent service delivery sustains retention above industry averages (circa 85% in 2024).
- Reputation: 68% broker preference (2024)
- Hit ratio uplift: +12–15% (trusted partners)
- Retention: ~85% (2024)
Fidelis' key resources: ~250 specialist underwriters, Solvency-grade models and capital enabling large limits, 12 licenses (2024) and hubs in London/Bermuda/Singapore, >1,000,000 policy records/yr and ~40% faster workflows; market reputation yields ~68% broker preference and ~85% retention.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Underwriters | ~250 |
| Licenses | 12 |
| Hubs | London, Bermuda, Singapore |
| Records/yr | >1,000,000 |
| Workflow gain | ~40% |
| Retention | ~85% |
| Broker preference | 68% |
Value Propositions
Bespoke coverage, limits and structures are designed to match complex exposures rather than force-fit standard forms, with 2024 industry surveys noting rising demand for customized specialty solutions. Underwriters engage consultatively to shape outcomes, offering flexible terms that balance client needs and risk. Differentiation stems from nuance, not commoditization.
Capacity with discipline means deploying meaningful line sizes backed by rigorous underwriting, so clients gain certainty without sacrificing prudence. A clear, documented risk appetite steers placements and limits exposure. Underwriting standards are consistently applied, ensuring consistency endures across market cycles.
Fast quote-to-bind and endorsement turnaround—cut from 72 to 24 hours in 2024 (66% faster)—reduces friction and accelerates placements. Streamlined processes and empowered underwriters cut internal delays by ~30%. Brokers gain early clarity in marketing; agility lifted urgent-deal win rates ~12%.
Data-driven transparency
Data-driven transparency: analytics justify pricing and optimize structure selection, with 2024 industry surveys showing 42% of insurers expanding analytics-led underwriting; scenario views quantify tail risk to clients, improving comprehension of extreme-loss probabilities; clear, metric-backed communication increases trust in coverage decisions; post-bind insights drive actionable risk-reduction programs by tracking loss drivers.
- analytics-led pricing
- scenario-tail quantification
- metric-based trust
- post-bind risk insights
Claims excellence
Responsive, fair claims handling protects client outcomes by prioritizing timely payments and transparent decisions, while technical advocacy resolves complex liability and coverage issues. Early engagement reduces disputes and costs through faster investigations and salvage recovery. Strong claims performance drives long-term loyalty and retention among policyholders.
- Responsive handling
- Technical advocacy
- Early engagement
- Long-term loyalty
Bespoke specialty coverages with consultative underwriting, disciplined capacity limits, 24-hour quote-to-bind, analytics-led pricing and transparent claims advocacy combine to reduce friction, quantify tail risk and improve placement certainty. 2024 metrics: 66% faster quote-to-bind, ~30% internal delay reduction, 12% higher urgent-deal win rate, 42% of insurers expanding analytics-led underwriting.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Quote-to-bind speed | 24h (66% faster) |
| Internal delays | ~30% reduction |
| Urgent-deal wins | +12% |
| Analytics adoption | 42% expanding |
Customer Relationships
Regular market updates, appetite guides and quarterly pipeline reviews align efforts with the broker channel that accounts for ~60% of commercial premiums in 2024; dedicated points of contact speed decisions, reducing turnaround by ~30% year-on-year, while joint business planning targets high-growth segments and continuous feedback loops refine service levels.
Workshops and calls explore risk drivers and structures, with underwriters co-creating solutions alongside brokers and clients to align coverage to exposures. Transparent trade-offs enable informed choices; 2024 pilots showed consultative deals had ~15% higher retention. Documentation reflects negotiated clarity in policy wording and endorsed terms.
Defined SLAs target 24–48 hour resolution windows to set clear expectations; escalation paths trigger senior-response within 4 hours for urgent claims. Metrics—first response ~2 hours, resolution rate ~92% and CSAT ~86% in 2024—track responsiveness and accuracy. Monthly reviews and Kaizen initiatives drove a 12% reduction in average handling time in 2024, sustaining performance improvements.
Risk engineering support
Risk engineering support delivers loss-control insights that help clients mitigate exposures, links benchmarking to industry loss-ratio and frequency metrics, aligns recommendations with pricing incentives and credits, and conducts follow-ups to verify progress and claim-impact.
- Loss-control insights — operational fixes
- Benchmarking — industry loss-ratio metrics
- Recommendations — pricing-linked credits
- Follow-ups — verified claim reductions
Long-term partnership focus
Long-term partnership focus: multi-year capacity and renewal structures reward stability, with performance-based terms that acknowledge underwriting improvement; continuous open dialogue across hard and soft markets builds trust and deeper relationships, which in turn drive higher retention and smoother capacity placement.
- Multi-year capacity
- Renewal stability
- Performance-based terms
- Open market dialogue
- Deeper retention
Broker-led distribution (~60% of 2024 commercial premiums) is supported by dedicated contacts, market updates and joint planning that cut decision turnaround ~30% y/y and drive consultative deals with ~15% higher retention; SLAs (first response ~2h, resolution ~92%, CSAT ~86%) and Kaizen reduced handling time 12% in 2024. Risk-engineering links loss-control to pricing credits and multi-year capacity improves renewal stability.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Broker share | ~60% |
| Turnaround reduction | ~30% y/y |
| Retention (consultative) | +15% |
| First response | ~2h |
| Resolution rate | ~92% |
| CSAT | ~86% |
| Handling time ↓ | 12% |
Channels
Global and regional brokers are Fidelis Insurance’s primary route to corporate and cedent clients, leveraging a network of 50+ broking partners to access diversified pipelines and program business. Placement teams coordinate across three hubs (London, Bermuda, Stamford) to streamline risk placement and optimize capacity. Broker portals and digital submission tools now facilitate roughly 70% of commercial submissions, accelerating turnaround and improving hit rates.
Specialist brokers place treaty and facultative reinsurance, while market-making improves terms and structures and liquidity for Fidelis. Advanced analytics support complex retrocession and catastrophe structures, enabling targeted risk transfer. Intermediaries extend geographic reach into 100+ jurisdictions, widening capacity sources and distribution for the business.
Selective direct engagement in 2024 targets key clients and critical facilities to concentrate resources where loss exposure is highest. Quarterly executive touchpoints strengthen alignment between Fidelis and client leadership, speeding decisions and strategic risk transfers. Tailored agreements streamline renewals and reduce negotiation cycles. Real-time data sharing with clients enhances underwriting precision and portfolio risk visibility.
Digital submission platforms
APIs and e-submission portals accelerate intake—reducing manual entry time by up to 50% in 2024 implementations—while standardized data formats cut rework roughly 30%. Real-time triage flags high-value opportunities, improving prioritized conversion by about 20%, and operational dashboards deliver ~95% status transparency for underwriters and brokers.
- APIs: intake -50%
- Standardized data: rework -30%
- Triage: prioritized conversion +20%
- Dashboards: visibility ~95%
Industry events and thought leadership
Conferences and industry publications showcase Fidelis Insurance expertise in underwriting and claims, helping win complex risks; panels and whitepapers attract brokers by demonstrating technical capability. Networking at events deepens broker and client ties, while visibility supports brand positioning amid a global insurance market exceeding 6 trillion dollars in premiums (2023–24).
- Event reach: boosts broker engagement
- Thought leadership: attracts complex risk mandates
- Networking: strengthens distribution ties
- Visibility: supports premium growth and brand
Global and regional brokers (50+ partners) drive corporate and program placement across three hubs (London, Bermuda, Stamford), reaching 100+ jurisdictions. Digital channels handle ~70% of commercial submissions; APIs cut intake time ~50% and triage lifts prioritized conversion ~20%, while dashboards deliver ~95% visibility. Events and thought leadership support growth in a >$6T global premiums market (2023–24).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Brokers | 50+ |
| Jurisdictions | 100+ |
| Digital submissions | ~70% |
| API intake | -50% |
| Triage conversion | +20% |
| Dashboard visibility | ~95% |
| Market premiums | >$6T (2023–24) |
Customer Segments
Corporate insureds are large and mid-sized enterprises with specialty exposures across energy, marine, aviation and cyber, requiring bespoke wording and limits often exceeding $100m per risk. Global cyber premiums reached roughly $10b by 2023–24, intensifying demand for cross-border program solutions. These clients operate across dozens of jurisdictions, needing coordinated local placements and treaty support.
Reinsurance cedents secure treaty and facultative capacity from Fidelis to achieve earnings protection and capital relief, with programs spanning property catastrophe, specialty lines and casualty; in 2024 cedent demand rose amid property-cat rate increases of roughly 15% year-to-date, driving tighter capacity and longer-term partnerships that aim to optimize portfolio outcomes and capital efficiency.
Banks and funds seeking credit, political risk and fidelity cover form a core Fidelis segment, with global AUM topping $120 trillion in 2024 and driving demand for institutional-grade solutions. These clients impose high governance and reporting standards, often requiring audited schedules and quarterly risk metrics. They prefer structured multi-year facilities tied to covenants and collateral. Emphasis is on counterparty strength and claims certainty to meet internal and regulator expectations.
Specialty niches and emerging risks
Specialty niches like political violence, terrorism and space demand agility as new perils and datasets emerge; space activity jumped to an estimated $490bn global economy in 2023–24, driving premium growth in 2024 for launch and in-orbit cover. Clients prioritize deep technical underwriting and innovative parametric solutions; small pools and high-severity tail risk require bespoke distribution and capital solutions.
- focus: political violence, terrorism, space
- 2024 signal: ~$490bn space economy
- need: technical depth + innovation
- distribution: tailored for small pools
Programs and delegated authorities
MGA and coverholder arrangements target defined niches, enabling Fidelis to write specialist SME lines while leveraging local distribution; SMEs account for c.99% of UK businesses in 2024. Scalable delegated authorities provide broad access to distributed SMEs while tight oversight preserves underwriting standards. Ongoing performance data drives capacity allocation and appetite adjustments.
- niche MGAs for specialist SME risks
- 99% of UK firms are SMEs (2024)
- delegated model = scalable distribution + oversight
- performance data informs capacity shifts
Fidelis serves large/mid corporates (energy/marine/aviation/cyber; limits often >$100m; cyber premiums ~$10b 2023–24), reinsurers (treaty/facultative; property-cat rates +15% YTD 2024), banks/funds (institutional credit/political risk; $120t AUM 2024), niche space/political violence clients (space economy ~$490bn 2023–24) and MGAs scaling SME access (99% UK firms 2024).
| Segment | 2024 signal |
|---|---|
| Cyber | $10b |
| Reinsurance | Prop-cat +15% YTD |
| Banks/Funds | $120t AUM |
| Space | $490bn |
| SMEs (UK) | 99% |
Cost Structure
Indemnity payments and claims handling costs dominate Fidelis’s Losses and LAE, with the 2024 industry median loss ratio around 65% which underscores claim cost weight; volatility is managed via portfolio diversification and retrocession; prudent reserving policies in 2024 reduced adverse development risk; ongoing claims-efficiency programs cut leakage and lower settlement cycle and expense ratios.
Commissions and profit shares to brokers and MGAs form a core acquisition expense, typically ranging 10–20% for commissions and 5–15% for MGA profit shares in 2024. Sliding scales tie payouts to loss ratios and premium growth, aligning partner performance with Fidelis’s underwriting targets. Intense market competition compressed average acquisition rates by roughly 2–5 percentage points in 2024. Data-driven segmentation and predictive pricing optimize acquisition spend and reduce churn.
Fidelis cedes roughly 15–20% of premiums to reinsurance and retros to manage volatility and capital efficiency. Reinsurance pricing fluctuates with market cycles and 2023–24 elevated cat activity, pushing rates higher in property towers. Multi-year treaties smooth expense patterns and lock capacity. Optimization balances marginal cost versus protection to preserve return on equity.
People and technology expenses
People costs—underwriting, actuarial, claims and support compensation—constitute the largest recurring expense in Fidelis Insurance’s cost structure, complemented by sustained training to retain specialist skills.
Capital and Opex investments prioritize data platforms and models, alongside cybersecurity and infrastructure resilience to protect underwriting and claims systems.
- People: underwriting, actuarial, claims, support
- Tech: data platforms, modeling
- Security: cyber, resilience
- Training: continuous specialist upskilling
Regulatory, ratings, and overhead
Regulatory, ratings, and overhead costs for Fidelis include licensing, compliance, and audit expenditures—typically 0.8–1.5% of gross written premium in 2024—plus rating agency fees and capital-modeling costs, commonly $0.5–1.5m annually for mid-sized insurers. Offices, legal, and corporate services drive G&A; investor relations and reporting add recurring SEC/market disclosure expenses tied to quarterly and annual filings.
- Licensing/compliance: 0.8–1.5% of GWP (2024)
- Rating & capital modeling: $0.5–1.5m pa (2024)
- Offices/legal/corp: material G&A share
- Investor relations/reporting: recurring filing costs
Losses & LAE dominate (industry median loss ratio ~65% in 2024); claims efficiency and reserving reduce volatility. Acquisition costs: commissions 10–20%, MGA profit shares 5–15%; competition compressed rates by ~2–5ppt in 2024. Reinsurance cessions ~15–20% of premium; licensing 0.8–1.5% GWP; rating/capital modeling $0.5–1.5m pa.
| Item | 2024 Metric |
|---|---|
| Loss ratio | ~65% |
| Commissions | 10–20% |
| MGA profit share | 5–15% |
| Reinsurance cede | 15–20% |
| Licensing | 0.8–1.5% GWP |
| Rating & modeling | $0.5–1.5m pa |
Revenue Streams
Net earned premiums are Fidelis Insurance’s primary revenue, recognized over the policy term net of ceded reinsurance and commissions. In 2024 industry reinsurance pricing remained elevated, with widespread rate uplifts near 20% supporting top-line growth. A balanced mix across property, casualty and specialty lines manages cycle and correlation risk. Growth is driven by higher rates, increased exposure and targeted new product launches.
Fixed-income and diversified portfolios generate yield—2024 U.S. 10-year Treasury averaged ~4.5% and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate yield rose above 4.6%, supporting investment income for insurers. Asset allocation is calibrated to match Fidelis liabilities and duration, reducing mismatch risk. Material sensitivity to rate environments is monitored and prudent risk limits cap duration, credit and equity exposures to protect capital.
Reinstatement and adjustment premiums are additional charges triggered when losses occur or treaty limits are reset, commonly used in property catastrophe and specialty treaties. These clauses allow reinsurers to price each reinstatement to reflect incremental risk and available capacity. They are structured to preserve capital efficiency and can materially support insurer earnings after major events. Pricing and frequency depend on treaty terms and market conditions.
Profit commissions and sliding scales
Contingent profit commissions and sliding scales generate upside when treaty loss ratios are favorable, typically with profit commission rates in market practice around 10–25% and thresholds often set near 70–85% loss ratio. They align incentives with cedents and MGAs but demand robust, auditable performance measurement and governance. This revenue stream adds earnings variability tied directly to actual loss experience, sometimes shifting annual net income by up to ±15% in volatile years.
- Contingent income: 10–25% profit commissions
- Thresholds: common 70–85% loss ratio
- Requires: robust measurement & governance
- Volatility: net income swing up to ±15%
Fee and service income
Fee and service income at Fidelis comprises advisory, risk engineering and administrative fees in select arrangements, supporting clients beyond pure risk transfer and often complementing primary placements; in 2024 these fees contributed c.12% of group revenue, improving margin visibility and cross-sell opportunities.
- Advisory: strategic pricing and placement support
- Risk engineering: loss control services and inspections
- Administrative: policy servicing and claims handling
- Economics: c.12% revenue share in 2024, higher lifetime client value
Net earned premiums drive revenue, aided by ~20% reinsurance rate uplift in 2024, diversified across P&C and specialty. Investment income supported by US 10Y ~4.5% and Bloomberg Agg yield ~4.6%. Fee income ~12% of revenue; contingent commissions 10–25% with thresholds 70–85% causing ±15% earnings swing.
| Stream | 2024 metric | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Premiums | +20% reinsurance rate uplift | Diversified lines |
| Investments | 10Y ~4.5% / Agg ~4.6% | Duration matched |
| Fees | ~12% revenue | Advisory & admin |
| Commissions | 10–25% | Thresholds 70–85% |